Legalize Casino

Chatchawan Jarusvasunt 5204640154 What is the effect of disorder gambling? Gambling create no output, it just the transfer of money in society. Gambling consume time and existing resource in the economy also. Gambling did not provide any resource like other media and other entertainment activities but it have it own value too. Is it true that gambling with legal status is better for the society whether the cost of gambling overcome the benefit it creates? This question is very subjective. * Are there costs involved that exceed the obvious economic development benefits? Who actually gains and who loses? * If Las Vegas is a model of economic development through gaming, are there any other costs that need to be looked at? Las Vegas tends to have a wide variety of social ills associated with it. There is some controversy of the true level of these given the high tourist population. No studies have examined whether those are associated with gambling, the transient population, the growing population, or the low level of social services provided by the state. How widespread are the economic benefits? Some research as Professor Robert Goodman, in his study entitled, â€Å"Legalized Gambling as a Strategy for Economic Development†, describes the effect of gambling on local business. He indicates that a study in South Dakota a year after legalizing video gambling in the state did† Show significant declines for selected activities such as clothing stores, recreation services, business services, auto dealers and service stations. The tourists from abroad may spend more resource and time in the region, or local people that used to spend resource in other region change the behavior to gambling in the region. This case is the beneficial effect of gambling for region. The local people may increase spending on casino in substitution of other business, or tourists change from consuming others to gambling. This case gambling provide no additional benefit.Casino may b uy more products from out of state than the business they replace, or increase social cost, or locally owned business go bankrupt by out-of-state owned casino. This case made the region suffer. The effects of casino depend on the above criteria. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. William R. Eadington, â€Å"Economic Development and the Introduction of Casinos: Myths and Realities,†Ã‚  Economic Development Review, Forthcoming, p. 3.

Gift of Magi Analysis Essay

The short story â€Å"The Gift of the Magi† uses elements from â€Å"How to Read Literature Like a Professor† in chapter 7 called â€Å"†¦Or the Bible.† The short story includes biblical references concerning the main theme of sacrifice and the gifts from the heart. The story also includes references to people from the Christian bible. Starting off with the title they even use a biblical reference with the â€Å"Magi.† â€Å"The Bible is full of possible titles,† from how to read literature like a professor. The Magi were in the New Testament and they were the wise men from the East who brought gifts to baby Jesus on the first Christmas. Christmas, which is a big part of the story, is also a biblical reference to the Christian religion. â€Å"O all who give and receive gifts, such as they are wisest. Everywhere they are wisest. They are the magi.† Its said in the story that Della’s hair would envy the Queen of Sheba. It also says that Jim’s watch would envy King Solomon. The Queen of Sheba and King Solomon both are famous figures from the Old Testament. Queen of Sheba and King Solomon are both known to be very rich. The comparison of Della’s hair and Jim’s watch to Queen of Sheba and King Solomon shows how important and precious those items are to Della and Jim. The story is also biblically related because Della and Jim give up the one of the most important things to them to buy presents for each other. That shows how much they love each other. This story also represents sacrifice. â€Å"Instead the story resonates with the richness of distant antecedes, with the power of accumulated myth.†

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Essay

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry The paper "Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry" is a worthy example of an essay on health studiesmedicine.ATDSR is a federal health agency within the United States Department of Health and Human Services. It mainly focuses on reducing public health risks related to exposure to hazardous substances. Its other main objective is to oblige to the public through receptive health actions to enhance safe and healthy environments and thwart unsafe exposures. ATSDR was conceived as a consultative, non-governing agency through the Superfund legislation and began operations in 1985. (American, p.2-34) I would place this agency in the Health and Human Department as it still is because its objectives related to those of the department as a whole. The ATSDR is currently being headed by director Dr. Christopher J. Portier. The director is normally appointed by the president and does not require approval from the Senate. Despite the fact that the agency is an independent functioning bra nch within the Health and Human Services Department, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) carries out most of its administrative duties. The headquarters for the agency is located at Atlanta, Georgia. (American, p.2-34) The roles the agency plays are more than many people think. It advises the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and community. It educates doctors and other healthcare professionals concerning the health effects of harmful substances and how to deal with their exposure. It also finances studies on harmful substances. The main problem facing the agency is the lack of knowledge about the hazardous substances among the public. This requires the agency to always endeavor passing or to receive information. The legislature has limited jurisdiction in the operation of the agency. (American, p.2-34) The legislature and the Governor have no direct authority over ATSDR. The activities of the agency will definitely raise interest from different parties. Institu tions that make food for the country must keep up with the developments in the agency. Hospitals and health professionals must also obtain the latest information and training from the agency. The operations of the agency have very important positive effects on the public. They greatly prevent the harm of the public caused by these substances and also offer solutions in the occurrence of these problems. The agency has generally played a vital role in improving the health in the country. (lollar, p.248-250)

Conspiracy theory about aliens Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conspiracy theory about aliens - Research Paper Example However, since there is no hard evidence for their existence, hence this paper argues that aliens are not real. It is very logical to be skeptic on the issue of the existence of aliens, because their existence is such a statement that is extraordinary, and any statement that is extra ordinary requires extraordinary evidence, which has never been put forward. Once in a blue moon, somebody sights strange lights in the sky, or an aircraft maneuvering in a bizarre fashion before disappearing, or a weird object lying in a desolate place, and calls it evidence that the earth is being visited by extraterrestrial beings called aliens. Is it logical enough to call these claims as hard evidences leading to the existence of aliens? Unbelievable. Vaeni (371) states: â€Å"Aliens aren’t real, they’re hallucinations and misinterpretations. They are a pop culture phenomenon. They are a conspiracy from the government†¦Ã¢â‚¬  There are a lot of activities that humans are conducting in space for the sake of research, scrutiny and security; and, sighting some of these moves and calling them extraterrestrial activities is purely unreasoned, irrational and humorous. Moreover, it is not rational to believe that life can exist in the form of beings like us or other forms in other planets, where there is no air, water or food. Research has been done which proves that there is no such thing found in other planets that may be able to support life in any form. Srivastava (79) writes in his book: â€Å"Our earth is a unique planet; we have all those conditions, which are not found on any other planet. Here we have air, water soil and minerals, moderate temperatures suitable for sustaining life on earth.† Then, how is it possible that life exists on other planets? It is matter of common sense that since earth can support life, human beings can sustain life and become individuals that use modern tools and technologies to bring comfort to their lives. The conditions of earth support

A Report on Operating Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Report on Operating Systems - Essay Example The 'ENIAC' had the capacity to do 100,000 calculations per second (White, 2005). As the needs increased, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated, special-purpose analog computers during the 20th century, which used a direct physical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. However, these features became more and more uncommon after the introduction digital computer. A succession of steadily more potent and versatile computers were constructed in the 1930s and 1940s, with increasing use of digital electronics (invented by Claude Shannon in 1937) and more versatile programmability (Computer, 2006). Later, Intel released the world's first commercial microprocessor, the 4004 on November 15th, 1971. This is a Fourth generation computer using a microprocessor to locate much of the computer's processing abilities on a single (small) chip. The microprocessor allowed the development of microcomputers, personal computers that were small and cheap enough to be affordable by ordinary people. The first such personal computer was the MITS Altair 8800, released at the end of 1974, but it was followed by computers such as the Apple I & II, Commodore PET and eventually the original IBM PC in 1981. Although processing power and storage capacities have increased beyond all recognition since the 1970s the underlying technology of LSI (large scale integration) or VLSI (very large scale integration) microchips has remained basically the same, so it is widely regarded that most of today's computers still belong to the fourth generation (White, 2005).The demands of today's computer users as well as the modern network have moved beyond that of simple client server connectivity. There is now the availability of a wide variety of end-to-end communication products aimed at specific business functions. These include access points, broadband, cable, content networking, contact centre solutions, data centre networking, network management, optical, routing, security, VPN, storage networking, switching, unified communications, video, voice and wireless (Networking, 2004). Today's computers also have huge speed and capacity for information processing compared to computers of the past, and they have become exponentially more powerful over the years (a phenomenon known as Moore's Law). The original computers were as huge as the size of a big room. Today's smaller computers for individual use, called personal computers, and their portable equivalent, the notebook computer, are ubiquitous information-processing and communication tools and are perhaps what most non-experts think of as "a co mputer". However, the most common form of computer in use today is the embedded computer, small computers used to control another device. Embedded computers control machines from fighter planes to digital cameras (Computer, 2006). Historical developments in operating systemsSoon after the invention of the computer, it was discovered that certain tasks were required in many different programs; an early example was computing some of the standard mathematical functions. For the purposes of efficiency, standard versions of these were collected in libraries and made

Michael Hill Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Michael Hill - Assignment Example Furthermore, the report also provides a break-even analysis emphasizing on the cost/price and volume relationship. Lastly, the report examines the control in place in the firm’s operation. Most of the information comes from the firm’s website and financial statements, as well as other reliable secondary sources. The report has four parts: situation analysis, marketing strategy, break-even analysis, and controls. Situation Analysis Market Summary Market Demographics Michael Hill engages in jewellery manufacturing and retailing. The firm sells both men and women watches and diamond jewellery. Essentially, the company operates in the highly priced diamond jewellery market. The firm operates retail outlet stores for watches and jewellery under the major brand name: Michael Hill. Moreover, the firm provides other services, including jewellery inspection, cleaning, and repairing. The firm also offers customized services to its clients by designing the chosen diamonds for jewe llery. Through a chain of 240 jewellery stores, the company and its subsidiary operates in New Zealand, Australia, United States, and Canada. However, the headquarters is in Queensland, Australia (Gray, 2011). The diamond jewellery market is a rather delicate and emotional sector, just like the clients. Clients in the jewellery market have different characteristics. However, all of them are well above the poverty line, as the products and services offered by the company and the market in general are relatively costly (Kotler, Burton, and Keller, 234). In other words, the diamond jewellery market appeals to the elite societal class with a taste for fashion and glamour. Market Needs At the time of establishment, the jewellery market had a stiff and formal atmosphere attached to it. Hill, the entrepreneur, sought to establish a new philosophy in the market that would make jewellery buying more accessible to the entire public and less intimidating. Therefore, Hill introduced a new produ ct mix strategy, subsequently removing the store clutter of giftware such as imported glassware, Chinese ornaments, and cuckoo clocks. The window display of the stores was simple, exhibiting around five enticing items changed regularly. This, combined with the attention-grabbing advertisement, significantly enhanced the attraction towards the stores. What the jewellery industry required at the time was a reconsideration of the service aspect, as the products are largely emotional. Realizing this, Hill quickly designed a marketing strategy that would meet the needs of the customers to their level of enthusiasm and passion (Hill, 2012a). The Market and Trends Based on a 1996 statistic report, New Zealand, the headquarters of Michael Hill, had 550 retailers, 153 wholesalers, and 293 manufacturers operating in the jewellery industry. As with many other New Zealand business settings, these ventures are principally small businesses, privately owned and operated. Among the 293 jewellery ma nufacturers, only three had more than two outlets. The report also shows that fifteen of the major retailers have more than three stores, and only four specialist jewellery chains having more than twenty stores were present at the time. These were Michael Hill, Pascoes the Jeweller, Kleins, and Gemtime Jeweller. Nonetheless, jewellery was also available from a number of other outlets, including fashion and department stores, antique, craft, souvenir, and catalogues shops (Gray, 2011).

What actions might be taken by governments to reduce or limit price Essay

What actions might be taken by governments to reduce or limit price fluctuations of your commodity (Coffee) - Essay Example As a result, the farmers will not be able to make a profit and will end up running in a danger of going out of business. The government, therefore, intervenes and attempts to raise the prices or try to affect the farmer revenue. A good example of this intervention is through subsidy or negative taxation. In these cases, the farmers receive extra payments from the government. An example is in the coffee industry. Alternative solutions include government involvement to buy the products in the open market causing an increase in demand until the commodity prices get to the desired level. Alternatively, the supply of the commodities are curtailed by quotas where only certain farmers are allowed to grow a certain crop, and there are limits on how many products can be produced i.e. sugar, coffee, tobacco. Price controls can be imposed to limit the maximum and minimum prices that can be charged for a certain product. However, it has serious consequences causing a decrease in production as it will not be profitable to produce as many products as they are demanded because of the low prices causing a shortage of the commodity. Farmers generally face price fluctuation of coffee product prices. This is so because coffee products that are produced by one farmer are equivalent to a similar product of the same grade that is produced by another farmer. Farmers are, therefore, considered to be price takers as they can sell all their products at any market price but have no individual bargaining power for their products to raise their prices. Therefore, it is essential to ensure that there is stability in the global market prices of the agricultural products (Mohan 2007). Supply management programs, and agricultural policies in the past have helped in maintaining production around the demand to ensure that farmers do not produce an oversupply that can lead to prices collapse of their products. A number of strategies

The Destiny of the Unevangelized Debate Research Paper

The Destiny of the Unevangelized Debate - Research Paper Example The view that one will adopt on whether divine election is conditional or unconditional will determine in a big way the position that one will take on the destiny of the unevangelized debate. In the Christian tradition, we have two schools of thought on divine predestination: the Calvinism and the Arminianism 2. The proponents of Calvinism are of the view that divine predestination is unconditional, while the proponents of Arminianism hold the contrary view that divine election is conditional. On this basis, we can broadly view the debate on the fate of the unevangelized as the debate between the Calvinists and the Arminianists. This paper evaluates the debate on the destiny of the unevangelized and analysis the philosophical arguments used to support the various positions on this debate. Also, the paper evaluates the biblical verses used to support the arguments, and at the end of the paper, a clear position is taken based on the critical analysis of the issues raised in this paper. The paper begins with an analysis of the four views expressed by Boyd and Eddy on the debate about the destiny of the unevangelized 3. The following are the four views on the fate of the unevangelized that are discussed by Boyd and Eddy in their book, Across the Spectrum. ... This position has been the predominant view among many Church theologians including, the great Catholic theologian St. Augustine of Hippo, and John Calvin, the reformist theologian4. There are a number of people in the modern world who still hold this view. The proponents of this position argue that some biblical verses like, John, 3: 36, and 1 John, 5: 12 support the restrictivist view. A literal translation of these two verses shows that Jesus Christ is, indeed, the only way to God and that the knowledge of Jesus Christ is a requirement for salvation. Also, in the book Through no Fault, Darrel L. Bock cites Acts, 10: 12-43, to support his Restrictivist view and he argues that unless the non-believers are evangelized, believe in God, and repent their sins, then they shall all be damned 5. Darrel argues that the ignorance of the Gospel of Jesus Christ will lead to damnation because unless one has knowledge of Jesus Christ, one will not be able to dedicate their lives to God and to re pent their sins. He cited Acts, 17: 30-31, to support his claim. A critical look at the restrictivist view of the destiny of the unevangelized raises one pertinent question: How can a loving and just God condemn to eternal perdition those who, through no fault of their own, did not hear about the Gospel?6 Can a just God punish one for a mistake over which they had no control? Although there are a number of biblical verses that seem to support the restrictivist view on the destiny of the unevangelized, the proponents of the restrictivist view would be hard pressed to answer these two questions. Universal Opportunity This view on the destiny of the unevangelized hold that, ultimately, all Gods people will be saved, whether they are Christians or not; Universalists are

Internet Spam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Internet Spam - Essay Example The internet spam is an economic way of sending unsolicited bulk messages to the masses of the society. The economic viability of internet spamming process is very high as the senders of the spam messages derive benefits due to low cost involved with maximum access to the target customers. The sender of the spam message through the internet channels are not required to incur any considerable cost and are able to send the message to an unfiltered section of the people. The advertisers in internet spamming process are only required to manage a list of bulk recipients to whom the desired advertisements are sent through the online mode. It is very difficult to hold the sender of internet spam as accountable for the activity of sending unsolicited messages (Kutais 35). The barriers of entering the field of internet spam are very low for the advertisers and the senders. Due to this reason, there has been increase in large numbers of internet spam. The costs of internet spam are; however, b ore by the internet service providers and the public. The loss of available space and productivity due to the internet spam is incurred by the service providers. The internet spam sent over the internet channels have also resulted in numerous frauds which have affected the interests of the users of internet. Due to this reason, the internet spam has come under legislative consideration in various jurisdictions. Problem Definition The problem definition in the area of internet spam has been derived from the underlying problems that occurred due to the activities of spamming over the internet. The spamming over the internet has gained prevalence due to the wide use of internet channels by the users in recent times. Almost all communication is passed through the internet by the users due to the prompt delivery of the communicated messages and the increasing access to the World Wide Web at affordable costs. Thus the advertisers or senders of the spammed messages found that they could re ach out to maximum number of people in society at lowest operating costs. But the fact whether these messages are unsolicited by the users of internet were not taken into consideration by the advertisers. Knowing fully well that the messages may not be solicited by the recipients, the advertisers, anonymous senders or senders with pseudo-names keep sending bulk messages that unnecessarily cover large spaces over the internet. This caused problems to the service providers as they incur losses of productivity and useful online space that could be used for revenue earnings. The internet spam also reflects mal-intention on the part of the senders as these misguide the users of internet with lucrative offers with underlying software viruses in disguise. By accessing the internet spam, the systems of the user get affected by harmful viruses which impose undue monetary loss (Brunton 48). Other than these, the most significant problem is caused by the internet spam that contains fraudulent offers in the advertisements. The spam is often unethical in influencing the users to share their user identification and passwords in order to access the offers advertised over the internet. The users get lured by the cheap offers and get trapped in the frauds intended by the spammed messages in the internet. Problem Evidence The evidence of the problems occurring due to the internet spam,

American college student Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American college student - Assignment Example This is a psychosocial theory that is developed on four pillars that include situation, self, strategy and support (Isaacson, 2008). This psychosocial theory helps individuals be able to address issues in their lives since they aid people to determine what and how they would love to live their lives thereafter. Collaborating with other institutions around the college that provide services relevant to the courses that the students are undertaking is also vital in training them how to work in their respective fields. This can be coupled with Kuh’s collaborative assignments and projects. Kuh (2008) says that they help students learn how to work as well as sharpen their ability to grasp things and work while incorporating other people’s ideas in order to produce fine-tuned results. Kuh (2008) states that this is done through ways like â€Å"study groups, assignments done in groups, and projects and research work done cooperatively†. This also helps cement the place o f the college within the community and among the stakeholders if the students come out better people, thus; the college reputation remains good for a long time. Question 2 Creating a program that will enable students to achieve at least two of Kuh’s high-impact educational practices, it is imperative to include all the students. Programs aimed at a more tenured faculty with a better faculty student interaction should be encouraged (Kuh, 2008). This is so to ensure that all the students from different, but related faculties can share ideas and learn how to work in two or more related fields towards a common goal. This also enables students to interact more with their faculty professors in an attempt to understand their course work better. Additionally, students obtain a platform to ask questions that are helpful in their course work and in building their careers. This ensures and helps students irrespective of who they are to achieve the common intellectual experience of Kuhâ €™s high-impact educational practices (Kuh, 2008). Faculties should also encourage students to get more involved in research work and courses to learn more, instead of dwelling mainly on theory. Students should be able to test the authenticity of whatever they are taught in class in order to ascertain the credibility of information received and even to learn how to perform outdoor functions (Jones & Abes, 2013). Students doing their own research learn self-independence and the art of referencing. Other skills that come with conducting research are also gained by all the students. Sharing these ideas in class will, in effect, help them compare notes on what the most effective methods to use are and how to employ them. This line of approach actually helps achieve Kuh’s other emphasis which is involvement in undergraduate research (Kuh, 2008). Intensive and thorough internship programs with grades attached to the time and effort placed by the students during their placement is another way of ensuring that all the students are involved in learning. Their assessment during the internship is done by the idustrial supervisor who will ensure that they master how to do their delegated duties in perfection. Kuh states that internship provides students with the professional coaching; thus, they can benefit from real work environment experience (Kuh, 2008). Question 1 Chickering’

Pizza Hut Essay Example for Free

Pizza Hut Essay PIZZA HUT was established on June 15 1958 in wichita university campus, wichita, kansas by two brothers FRANK and DAN CARNEY. The brothers had the concept of opening a pizza parlour which was relatively new during the 1950s and the potential of this business was seen by the two. They borrowed around six hundred dollars from their mother to buy second-hand equipments, machineries and rent a small space to open the first Pizza Hut. The next year, the second store was opened in Topeka, Kansas and within a decade Pizza Hut reached three hundred and ten Pizza parlours in various locations serving approximately a million people. In the year 1970, Pizza Hut already had 5,025 branches in the united states alone with half of it franchised. During the same year , the company in 1986 alone amounted to $2 billion. In the years 1990, the total sales of Pizza Hut reached $4 billion world wide. By the year 1996, the sales in the domestic market which is the United States, have reached over $5 million; the company had the largest share of the market in the same year for 46. 4%. in the year 1998, Pizza Hut launched their campaign, â€Å"The Best Pizzas under one roof†, in celebration of the company’s 40th anniversary. COMPANY OVERVIEW: Pizza Hut operates in ninety seven countries throughout the world. As of 2008, Pizza Hut had 7,564 units in the united states and 5,611 units outside the united states (source: Data moniter). Pizza Hut(UK), a privately held company, specialized in the operation of pizza restaurants and takeaways. Pizza Hut(UK) is a subsidiary of United states based Yum! Brands. The company primarily operates in the UK, with the Pizza Hut brand operating worldwide. Its headquartered in Borehamwood, UK. BUSINESS DESCRIPTION: Pizza Hut (UK) specialized in the operation of pizza restaurants and takeaway services. The company operates in four distinct categories of menus: restaurant menu, children’s menu, collection menu, delivery and take-away menu. MAIN MENU: Pizza Hut (UK) restaurant menu includes pizzas; starters and sides; pastas; salad station and salads; lunch buffet and light lunch; desserts, and drinks. The children’s menu includes pizza triangles, delicious margherita pizza, desserts, drinks and buffet. KEY EMPLOYEES: MAJOR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES: The company’s key products and services include the following: Big New Yorker Pizza. Quad Pizza. The Edge Pizza. Stuffed Crust Pizza. Grand Pan Pizza. Sicilian Pizza. Italian Pizza Twisted Crust Pizza. 4 For All Pizza. Pastas. Buffets. Cheesy Bites. Stuffed Crust. SERVICES: Full service restaurants Delivery and Take-Away service. PIZZA HUT SYMBOL: {draw:frame} PIZZA HUT MISSION STATEMENT: We take pride in making a perfect pizza and providing courteous and helpful service on time all the time. Every customer says, â€Å"I†ll be back! †. We are the employer of choice offering team members oppurtunities for growth, advancement, and rewarding careers in a fun, safe working environment. We are accountable for profitability in everthing we do, providing our shareholders with value growth. CORE VALUES: P. E. A. L. S. PASSION for excellance in doing everthing EXECUTE with positive energy and urgency. ACCOUNTABLE for growth in customer satisfaction and profitability. RECOGNIZE the achievement of others and have fun doing it. LISTEN and more importantly, respond to the voice of the customer. MAJOR COMPETITORS: Domino’s Pizza, Inc. Papa John’s International, Inc. McDonald’s Corporation ACHIEVEMENTS: {text:list-item} In 1986 Pizza Hut introduced delivery service, which played a vital role in the career of Pizza Hut. Out of all existing Pizza chains, Pizza Hut had the largest market share, 46. 4%. However, Pizza Hut’s market share has slowly eroded because of intense competition from their rivals of Domino’s and other fast food take away restaurants. These competitors alway look forward to enhance their customer numbers. Also, many other Pizza chains started to diversify and offer new non-pizza items such as buffalo wings, and italian cheese bread in order to increase their varieties and to increase the buyer power. The current chain in the Pizza chain is the same till today. All these Pizza supply chain try to come up with some newer, bigger, better and Pizza for comparatively low price. These chains are also strengthened new Pizza variations. For example, chicken is now a common topping found on Pizza’s. {draw:frame} A 1-800 number customer hotline and A customer call-back program. WHERE DO THEY BUY* ? WHY DO THEY BUY PIZZA* ? {text:list-item} Employing economies of scale, Pizza Hut has made its offering more affordable. Its delivery offer for four personal pan pizzas has been very successful, which helped the business to grow by 25%. The Pizza Hut recently launched a range of vegetarian personal pan pizza’s at very nominal and affordable price. Pizza Hut consolidating its position by opening more restaurants in the big cities where it already has the presence. {draw:frame} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Though Pizza Hut have low competition, although they do have competitors such as dominos pizza, yet they have an advantage over these as Pizza Hut are the restaurant as well as take away unlike dominos pizza, this results Pizza Hut may have more sales therefore more income. Pizza Hut has a very strong market segment, they attract more customers by providing different varities, new products and tastes very often which leads increasing customer numbers and a higher percentage in sales, which may lead to greater profits. The major strength’s of the Pizza Hut are as follows: Pizza Hut is very strong in its financial situation and international turnover. Thus, it is good to manage its chain in the period of recession. Pizza Hut is BRAND LEADER in the united kingdom. Pizza Hut has good balance in its business over twenty thousand franchises around the world. It is also the part of the largest chain restaurant in the world. Since, it provides a skeletal structure to the fast food industries and services. Innovative range of Pizza’s under one roof. It is purely owned by YUM!. Pizza Hut is lacking with its varied range of products to attract customers of all lifestyles. There are complex computer systems and internal conflicts from franchisees, this may drive to de-motivation of staff. Lowering the quality of products, services to the customers and could lead to a lack of ideas. One of the major issue presented in developing a profitable delivery concept was whether there would be a charge for service taking into account that, for competitive reasons, as the company cannot charge for its delivery. This lead the company to increase its price slightly over pizza’s in traditional restaurants. This caused dissatisfaction for the customers. Since, they would pay 10% more for any size of pizza’s. The management also included that, the franchisees must also increase the size of the pizza as they could find the profit from the 10% additional price. But, this wasn’t a fare idea by the top management because the franchisees strongly disagreed with this concept and they find no reasons for delivery and increasing the size of the Pizza. There was major arguement between company and the franchisees, which was solved by providing some incentives by the company. Oppurtunities: The main oppurtunities of the Pizza Hut includes: Market share. Pizza home delivery. Growth into new market. Always looking at consumer satisfaction. Pizza Hut can readily grow in any other markets because it has cohesive and well structured organisation. Pizza Hut also holds a very strong market share. Pizza Hut has expanded its menu in indian market. Pizza Hut has targeted upscale products and a downscale consumer base; this would increase the sales and the revenue of the company. THREATS: There are various threats to the Pizza Hut as it should know more about its customer’s tastes. It should also carry some research to judge the company and its competitors on reputation, product quality, service, strength and price. Pizza Hut must also analyse about the buying decisions of the customers. Domino’s Pizza clearly intanded to gain total market leadership. So, Pizza Hut should try to maintain its position over its competitors. Pizza Hut improve its customer’s loyality quotient as it is comparitively low from its competitor’s. It is a truism to say that it is much more difficult to capture or recapture a customer than to maintain an existing one. Rising in the competition undermines Pizza Hut as consumers go for greater convenience. This would result in decreasing the sales of the Pizza Hut as these sales will switch to smaller companies who are offering their products at lower price. Increase in the cost of ingrediants especially cheese could threaten the margin of the company revenue. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT: It is very important to consider the external environment research for PIZZA HUT. Since, these external changes could drive the company to difficulties. These external environmental context will include PEST analysis which stands for political, environmental, social, technology, which determines the impact of the drivers in the company. P. E. S. T. ANALYSIS: POLITICAL: The political analysis of the Pizza Hut contains health and safety guidelines, labelling of GM (genetically modified) food, animal rights campigns, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy-1998 BRANDING STRATEGY: STRENGTH OF BRAND: A brand is the media between consumers and the company. The promise of the brand always reflects in the mind of the consumers. A strong brand can shape the way consumers think and can create preference in the market place. Following certain principles and behaviours, organisations can strengthen their brands by consistently delivering on their brand promise and making powerful connections with the consumers. Pizza Hut is a International brand reaches over 100 countries. Though other fast food markets maintains the flexibility to respond to the needs of its consumers. Pizza Hut consider the consistent look as a whole and feel for every restaurant. This driven Pizza Hut to be a one of the leading brands. STRENGTH OF SYMBOL AND LOGO: ROLE OF THE CUSTOMER: What people eat(or don’t eat) has always been determined by a complex interplay of social, economic and technological processes (schlosser, 2001). These explanation of the schlosser gives a clear picture of why the consumer makes a purchase. The consumer is identified by a being complexly psychological and on the most part illogical. THE THREE LEVELS OF EXPLANATION OF BUYING AND CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOUR (Dubois, 2000). {draw:text-box}. {draw:text-box} {draw:text-box} Dubois makes the observation that â€Å"people who are hungry notice advertising for food products†. This contention is supported when an example is given; â€Å"In the united states, the television campaign ‘ARE YOU HUNGRY ? ’ which was broadcast late at night by burger king was so successful that it forced the hamburger chain to stay open later† (Dubois, 2000). So, according to this paper narrates that, it is determined that mid-night advertisements for the delivery service or take-away food centres is advisable and consumers tend to attract more towards food products when they are hungry. The reliant on the natural human wants created by hunger. It is hoped that this review when coupled with the findings from the survey will give the debate, depth, purpose and concluding definition. RECOMMENDATIONS: The implement of ORGANIC PIZZA’S may increase the target market and enhance the buyer’s power. The consideration of cultural ethics is important when a new branch of Pizza Hut is launched in other countries. Pizza Hut can develop MEALDEAL as rest of the competitors offer. Example: MCPIZZA. In order to compete with its external environment.

The Impact of Racial and Ethnic Bias in Criminal Sentencing Decisions Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Racial and Ethnic Bias in Criminal Sentencing Decisions Essay Judicial bias pertaining to race and ethnicity is a controversial phenomenon that has been researched historically, and continues in contemporary society. One of the first criminologists to analyse this was Beccaria (1764) in Dei delitti e delle penne (an essay on crime and punishments), he argued that judicial process favoured the wealthy and powerful to the detriment of the less fortunate, his research had a profound impact on historical judicial process and reformation of criminal law. Since that time numerous researchers have methodically reviewed, dissected and reframed theory on judicial bias in relation to race and ethnicity in sentencing decisions. Empirical data demonstrates vast disparity and reveals a juxtaposition of conflicting theories pertaining to race, ethnicity, and sentencing outcomes. For many years, people of different racial and ethnic backgrounds have been over-represented throughout the criminal justice system. Walker (2003), Spohn (2000, 2002), Kault (2002) and DeLone (2000, 2003) have researched extensively on this topic and theorise that there are several facets of what they refer to as a â€Å"discrimination-disparity continuum. † They argue that discrimination is ‘systemic’ and experienced at each stage of the criminal justice system. For example, ‘institutionalised discrimination’ is due to the impact of policies and procedures that are implemented without discriminatory intent, and yet adversely affect minorities. Further to this is the over-policing of targeted racial and ethnic communities, Walker, Spohn, and DeLone (2003) refer to this as ‘contextual discrimination’ this then sees an exponential increase in entry into the criminal justice system and impacts on higher incarceration rates. Further research by Taxman and Byrne (2005) theorised that racial and ethnic disparity is a cumulative process prior to sentencing. They argued that this occurs due to differential rates of involvement in criminal behaviours and the racial and ethnic characteristics of the offenders, whereby the race effect is confounded by procedural and extralegal variables. Thereby, those of racial and ethnic minority groups of lower socio-economic status are unable to obtain appropriate legal representation, which leads to longer sentencing, and higher incarceration rates overall. Ehlers and Lotke (2004); Miller (1996) and Schiraldi (1994, 2004) state that research demonstrates pervasive racism, and systemic discrimination, throughout the criminal justice system, that by design contributes to the recycling of individuals. Zatz (1987) also demonstrated the continuity of contributing factors throughout the criminal justice system in the churning of individuals and rates of recidivism among racial and ethnic minority groups in a research study. Zatz’s research study demonstrated significant variations in sentencing outcomes pertaining to racial and ethnic background. Zatz referred to this as ‘cumulative disadvantage’, Zatz argued that throughout the various stages of the criminal justice system minor differences eventually compound and become measurable and significant in the overall outcome. Moreover, Erez (1991) states that sentences for comparable crimes are based predominantly on the characteristics of the victims and not the offences committed, whereby if a black person of lower socio-economic status perpetrated a criminal act on a white person the penalty would be far more severe, however if the scenario is reversed the penalty would be less severe. Further research entitled â€Å"Effect of Race on Sentencing: A Re-examination of an unsettled question† by Spohn, Gruhl, and Welch (1982) replicated and extended Uhlman’s (1977) research into racial disparity in sentencing outcomes in ‘Metro city.’ Uhlman’s analysis of 50,000 felony cases between 1968 and 1969 demonstrated no direct correlation between race and ethnicity when the analysis controlled two dependent variables pertaining to prior criminal convictions and severity of charges. However, Uhlman (1977); Spohn, Gruhl, and Welch (1982) established that when independent variables pertaining to prior criminal convictions, race, bail amount, pre-trial status, type of plea and type of legal representation were introduced it was apparent that black males received harsher sentencing outcomes than White males. The decision to incarcerate, or not to incarcerate was measured by introducing a dichotomous prison/no prison variable. Furthermore, Spohn, Gruhl, and Welch (1982); and Uhlman’s (1977) analysis of statistical data demonstrated that black males who could not afford adequate legal representation suffered from what they referred to as ‘wealth discrimination’ which then adversely impacted on black offenders with harsher sentencing. Further data demonstrated that even when controlling legal and extra-legal factors vast disparity was apparent in the sentencing outcomes of black offenders and white offenders, demonstrating an increase of black imprisonment at the rate of 5 percent was noted, which when compounded resulted in a 20 percent higher rate than white offenders. It is obvious when researching the impacts of race and ethnicity on sentencing outcomes that there are innumerable variables required to measure the outcomes that are necessary to obtain evidentiary validity. Moreover, the plethora of complexities involved in this type and scale of measurement are confounded and in some cases contradictory. Numerous scholars oppose these various hypothesis on racial and ethnic disparity and discrimination within the criminal justice system, for example Hindelang (1969), Kleck (1981); Whitney (1999); and Willbanks (1987) concluded through their various research that the criminal justice system in most instances favours minority racial and ethnic groups at the expense of disadvantaging whites. In Summary It is obvious that the measurement of the impact of racial and ethnic disparity in sentencing, and discrimination throughout all tiers of the criminal justice system is fraught with difficulties due to the reflexive nature of the cause and effect of the outcomes. Numerous researches expound that prior criminal convictions and severity of criminal offences are the reason for the demonstrated disparity in outcomes. However, due to the institutional structures and design of the criminal justice system, racial and ethnic minority groups are targeted by police wielding extensive powers of discretion. Therefore, influencing the rates of charging of individuals within specific racial and ethnic groups, thereby further affecting these individuals entry in the criminal justice system. Furthermore, research expounds that it is not necessarily the rates of recidivism but the system itself recycling these individuals. It is therefore necessary to examine the criminal justice system in its entirety to understand and gauge why sentencing disparities emerge within various racial and ethnic minority groups. Bibliography Beccaria (1764) Dei delitti a delle penne; An essay on crimes and punishment. Translated in 1819. http://www. constitution. org/cb/crim_pun. htm Accessed 18/11/08. Kault, P. , Spohn, C (2002) Assessing blameworthiness and Assigning punishment: Theoretical perspectives on judicial decision making. In Duffee, D and Maguire, E (eds), Criminal Justice Theory: Explicating concepts and linkages about nature and behaviour of criminal justice. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. http://www. ncjrs. gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/223854. html Accessed 20/11/08. Spohn, C (2002) How do judges decide? ‘The quest for fairness and justice in punishment. Thousand Oaks,’ CA: Sage Publications http://www3. interscience. wiley. com/journal/118594874/abstract. html. Accessed 20/11/08. Spohn, C. , DeLone, M (2000) When Does race matter? An examination of the conditions under which race affects sentencing severity. Sociology of Crime, Law and Deviance 2. P. p 3-37. Spohn, C (2000) Thirty years of sentencing reform: The quest for a racially neutral sentencing process, National Institute of Justice. Reprinted in Austin Sarat (ed), 2004. The Social Organisation of Law. Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing. http://209. 85. 173. 132/search? q=cache:yuYWZ_dcsIoJ:www. ncjrs. gov/criminal_justice2000/vol_3/03i. pdf+Spohn+C+thrity+years+of+sentencing+reformhl=enct=clnkcd=1gl=au. html Accessed 22/11/08. Taxman. F. , Byrne, J. M (2005) Racial Disparity and the legitimacy of the criminal justice system.

The Design Of The Movie Poster Film Studies Essay

The Design Of The Movie Poster Film Studies Essay A poster can be described as a placard or bill, generally huge and frequently incorporating photographs or designs, posted up for marketing or advertising or for decorative reasons. The functions of those which publicize comprise communication, selling and influencing. This does not rule them out being attractive. Certainly the first job of a poster is to draw the attention of the spectator and simply once this is done can a meaning be delivered. A first-class poster then is one which is attention-grabbing, to the point, persuasive and unforgettable. To attain these goals designers may employ a large design and bold colour, plain and minimum text and striking illustrations which mentally support and strengthen the printed words. Simultaneously designers must believe the constraints imposed by the methods and places of display and contest from other posters whose messages perhaps will be as critical and absolute. Poster design merges the fine and applied arts, incorporating painting, graphic design, collection, and cinematography. In countries where TV is not a main advertising means the poster remains a fleeting yet successful means of reaching the widest spectators on behalf of culture, commerce, and beliefs. Posters have turn out to be an essential part of the cityscape. They are pasted next to each other on large plywood hoardings attached to windowless walls of old buildings or onto fences nearby parks and construction sites. Formally selected for poster show, these impeccable colourful quilts of public billboards not just distribute information on cultural, sports, and political events but as well function as continually changing outdoor exhibitions of graphic art. Throughout such extensive and continuous exposure, poster design has become one of the most reachable and effectual art forms, reaching out and influencing even that part of the public that does not regularly visit museums or galleries. In juried exhibitions, the best posters accomplish national disclosure, and for numerous graphic artists, book illustration as well as poster design are significant vehicles for a wider acknowledgment of their personal style both at home and overseas. A feature widespread to all the designers is their striving for self-expression in an atmosphere that demands political conformity. They seem aim on designing posters that have an emotional impact as well as appeal to the sense however that as well challenge the viewer to an intellectual response. Their metaphors include lyrical and neo-surrealist overtones, drama, irony, or playful humour, along with the message is delivered in a diversity of styles. A poster constitutes a mirror for the times it is created in. Like a mirror it reflects the political and the social situation, it informs concerning the repertoire of movie theatres and dramatic theatres, it announces sporting events, it encourages purchasing various goods. The socio-political poster plays a definite propaganda role. Those who commission it anticipate that effective impact of the work of art upon the viewer will allow them to come nearer to their desired goal. The goal varies depending on the circumstances: winning a war, or a presidential election, or a legislative campaign; a struggle to change social behaviours or attitudes. My overall aim is to not to just identify and define the design of a typical poster, I aim to concentrate my focus around the film industry and really look at how film posters have changed over time. Not only in a visually sense, but I also aim to look at how the handling of them has changed, when did they become considered as piece of art and part of the cityscape? When did they become collectable items? And what impact do they have today? I aim to do this by researching through a wide range of resources from books, internet articles and through poster archives, looking as far back as the late 19th century into todays society. History of the art of movie posters Cinema along with film posters are the physical living form of the special movies we have enjoyed throughout the years. Even though there is a big market for collecting film posters, they were for no reason anticipated or produced to be sold to the public. They were just intended to endorse as well as attract viewers to approach to the local theatres that were showing the films. Nowadays these rare original movie posters are in huge demand. They are the solid souvenirs of most wanted films and stars whose characters we fell in love with. (Bruce Hershenson, 1999) Surprisingly in the early days of movie making actors were not typically depicted on the film posters. The label of the film and the producer and directors names were typically the attraction until Hollywood realized that it was the actors who brought in the viewers. It was at that time that the stars of movies were then plastered on each poster giving life to a new era in the film industry. Movie posters created earlier than the eighties were for the most part returned to the studios or poster sources as well as destroyed when the archives became full or the films run had ended. Unluckily numerous early film posters prepared for hit movies for example Casablanca, King Kong, Frankenstein as well as The Wizard of Oz were destroyed consequently of natural disasters that occurred in the duration of World War II. As people turned out to be more responsive of their value theatre owners began to disregard return policies and those film posters that were spared are extensively sought these days by collectors and dealers. (Bruce Hershenson, 1999) Before 1940, almost every film studio maintained its own offices in each main city. The studios would send the films as well as their posters to all the exchange offices and from there, they wound often be distributed to the adjoining theatres. The big city theatres would just go to the exchange and collect the films and posters right before they were scheduled to appear on screen (for big films they might order extra posters beforehand of the opening to produce an elaborate display). Theatres in smaller towns would receive their materials via a Greyhound bus, which back then serviced very nearly every town in the country. The films would be transported in containers and the posters would be protected in a side section or pouch of the same container. (Bruce Hershenson) The majority of theatres would show a film for probably just short of a week (as part of a program that might comprise 2 features, a cartoon, a newsreel, and possibly a serial chapter), and after that they were often send on to the next theatre. Frequently the theatre manager would put the film on a late night bus right subsequent to his last showing and it would arrive at the next theatre the following morning, in time to be displayed for that nights show. The film might go by bus through a circuit of lots of theatres before returning back to one of the exchange offices. Once the film was returned to the exchange, it would go back out to other theatres, and frequently the posters had to be replaced, as they were worn out and tattered from being put up and taken down quite a lot of times. (Bruce Hershenson, 1999) This could explain why posters from before 1940 are tremendously rare. Theatre owners couldnt give their posters to collectors, regardless of how hard they begged, since they were needed at the next theatre. This entire system of having to cope with each studio independently might sound very incompetent, however remember that in the 1920s and 1930s a lot of theatres were owned by the studios and so merely showed that studios product; and it wasnt that difficult for most of the independents to just acquire their films from a couple of studios. However if all the posters were returned with the films, how are there any posters at all from before 1940? For single thing, one form of poster, window cards (14 x 22) were bought in great quantities by an individual theatre and (once they added their name as well as play dates to the top) circulated to store windows around city. Those were exposed after the film was finished playing. An additional way they carry on is in the backs of old picture frames, for framers would repeatedly use window cards (available free of charge) as backing boards. However as for other posters remaining these days, an enormous amount come from other countries, for those did not have to be returned to the U.S.; at the time, the value of the posters was less than the cost of the postage to return them. There have been huge finds of pre-1940 U.S. posters in Canada, Columbia, and numerous other countries. (Bruce Hershenson, 1999) Additionally there have been various great finds in the U.S., for example the Cosy Theatre Collection in Los Angeles. This was a theatre that maintained its own exchange of posters from the untimely 1930s to the 1950s for distribution to Los Angeles theatres. In 1968 the theatre owner offered his entire collection of posters (containing tens of thousands of posters and lobby cards, as well as hundreds of thousands of stills) for trade for $25,000, and it was difficult to find a buyer! At todays prices, the collection would put up for sale for millions of dollars. Except the enormous finds (which almost certainly account for 90% of the pre-1938 posters identified), posters as well are from time to time found in one other main way. During the 1910s and 1920s (and to a slighter degree in the 1930s), builders would over and over again look for material to put inside the walls of buildings (or beneath the floors) to serve as filling. Several enterprising builders hooked up with poster exchanges to obtain great amounts of outdated posters and place them in the walls of their new homes. There was known to be at least ten occasions where somebody has been remodelling their house in the 1990s and discovered posters in the walls or under the floor. Occasionally they are mouldy and mildewed and need huge amounts of restoration, but infrequently they are so powerfully pressed jointly that they undergo in relatively excellent circumstance. This again shows how in the early 20th film posters were not considered in any way valuable after their use in the th eatres. They were not recycled or thought of as collectable pieces of art they were simply discarded for constructional waste. The vast commons of pre-1938 posters identified were found in one of the above ways. Very rarely a theatre owner might order extra posters to keep, or someone who had access to posters might keep a particular poster as a keepsake, but by and large absolutely everybody who handled posters viewed them as disposable advertising, much like newspapers. Old newspapers (like comics books or baseball cards) survive in quantity only because they were sold by the millions, and some people never throw out anything. Movie posters, on the other hand, were never obtainable by the general public. It does seem particularly amazing that the studios themselves never thought to maintain an archive of their posters. In recent years some of them have spent hundreds of thousands of dollars buying back a tiny percentage of the posters that they literally sold for pennies each! (Bruce Hershenson, 1999) Rarity cannot be understood of pre-1938 posters when Bruce Hershenson thinks that for at least a large number of films not a single poster or lobby card is known, and for many others only lobby cards or window cards are known. It is very unusual to find a film from before 1938 from a major studio on which more than ten copies of a one-sheet is known. (Posters from lesser studios are often found in large quantity because when the studio goes out of business they often have hundreds of copies of each poster on hand. An example is the Norman Film Company, which made all-black cast films. Huge supplies of these posters were found, and they are among the most common of all silent posters.) The system of every studio maintaining its own supply of posters in every one of its branch offices became very cumbersome, and in 1940, National Screen Service was formed. Warehouses (called poster exchanges) were set up in most major cities across the U.S., and each studio contributed its posters from the last couple of years to get it started (Exchanges definitely had posters from 1937-39 in abundance, but nothing like the quantities they would have of post-1940 material. The exchanges had virtually nothing from before 1937, which explains the vast rarity difference between pre-1937 and post-1940 material. For each new release in 1940, the printers put National Screen Service (NSS) numbers on the bottom right of every poster. For 1940 only, they used a first number that began with 40, followed by a slash mark and more numbers (for example 4011/524). The 40 referred to 1940, and the rest of the numbers referred to in what order the poster had been printed, to make it easier for people to find the posters when stored in a large warehouse (many films had similar or the same titles). In 1941, the simplified the code to be just 41, followed by a slash mark and three numbers (for example 41/245). This was unfortunate, for in the present day it has resulted in acknowledgeable collectors assuming that they had a limited edition poster (in the previous case, #41 out of an edition of 245). This system continued all the way through the late 1970s, and makes identifying the year of 1940-1979 posters extremely easy. It also makes identifying re-issues simple, for they would put the re-issue year in the NSS number, and put a big capital R in front of it. So in the above example, if the 1941 film, NSS #41/245, was re-issued in 1954, it would have a new number such as R54/621. (Bruce Hershenson) It appears each exchange received a huge number of each poster (at least). Bruce says this for two reasons. One is the economics of full-colour printing are such that once you get the presses rolling, it is very cheap to keep on printing, and it is much more expensive to reprint items. Thus, it just would not make sense to print less than say five or ten thousand of a full-colour item. Second, when exchanges were bought out in the 1960s (see below), it was not at all uncommon for a single exchange to have well over 100 of a single item, even after years of distributing that item. Of course there was not an even distribution of items, but I think it fair to say that for most items that were in exchanges, hundreds of each survives today. Bruce also thinks it fair to say that for most pre-1937 items less than ten of each survive today (with the exception of those items that were found in huge quantities, such as the Norman Film Company posters). (Bruce Hershenson, 1999) In the 1940s, the studios would charge a rental fee to the theatre, which would return the poster after using it (hence the warning that has frightened collectors for years, beginning This poster is the property of National Screen Service). At some point NSS realized that it was easier to just print more posters and sell them outright (probably this was due to rising postal rates. Bruce has owned many posters that were mailed folded in the 1940s, without an envelope, and the cost was three cents!) Bruce has brochures from exchanges from the early 1960s, where they offer new one-sheets for 25 cents each, with other prices on other sizes. The brochure might say 1964 and 1965 one-sheets, 25 cents each, 1963 and earlier 15 cents each! This shows they had no clue that these posters had collectible value, but also that there were next to no collectors before the early 1960s (just like comic book collecting). The few collectors there were in the 1950s kept buying all the posters they could afford from exchanges and didnt talk about it. (Bruce Hershenson, 1999) Then in the mid-1960s, some enterprising individuals began to buy the individual poster exchanges. Bruce had no idea what they paid, but Bruce has no doubt it was an absolute steal, as the exchanges thought they had warehouses full of practically worthless old paper. (Certainly Bruce admired these individuals, for that one business decision made them, financially set for life. They saw an opportunity no one else saw, and they took advantage of it.) The new owners began offering old posters at collectors prices, usually around $1.00 or $1.50 for an older one-sheet. They did next to no advertising, and they often sold a great deal to the local collectors, who heard about them by word of mouth. Some individuals, such as Tanner Miles, would buy posters from the exchanges in huge quantities and try to double their money at collectible shows. (Bruce own personal introduction to movie posters came in 1968 at an Oklahoma City collectibles show, where Bruce, being a full-time comic book deale r, was intrigued by the many boxes of movie posters Bruce saw at Tanner Miles tables. Bruce spent over $40 with him, a huge amount of money for me at the time, and Bruce went home with a large box of posters and lobby sets). (Bruce Hershenson, 1999) But it didnt take long for the dealers to see that they were rapidly running out of the most popular titles (particularly horror and sci-fi) and they started raising prices on popular titles. The two exchanges that were best organized and sold the most posters to collectors were Theatre Poster Exchange in Memphis, Tennessee, and Movie Poster Service in Canton, Oklahoma (both are still in business and both give excellent service). Bruce remember seeing better quality posters priced at $20 in the early 1970s, and wondering how much higher prices could go! But it is important to realize that pre-1937 posters were always scarce, even in 1965. Bruce remembers seeing a Valentino lobby card in 1969, and the price was $20, when virtually no post-1940 item sold for as much. The price was high because even then, silent items were virtually unheard of. Bruce have heard old-time collectors talk of the days when they bought Frankenstein and Dracula lobby sets from exchanges, but I know this never happened (maybe it was House of Frankenstein and House of Dracula and the stories got embellished over the years). (Bruce Hershenson, 1999) Sometime in the late 1970s, those who printed movie posters began printing huge numbers of extra posters which they did not fold in the regular way, but instead left unfolded (rolled). It is not clear to me if this was done with the studios permission or knowledge, or if it was done independently by the printers. One would think it may well have started around the time of Star Wars or especially Return/Revenge of the Jedi, when these posters instantly began selling for collectible prices. Maybe someone contacted someone at the printers and persuaded them to print a bunch of extra posters. Unfortunately if this was done without the studios knowledge, then well probably never know the full story, for the principals involved are unlikely to admit to it. At this time, several collectibles dealers became tied to whoever supplied rolled one-sheets, and began offering them to collectors. The odd thing is that it remained a very clandestine business, shrouded in mystery. Even today, one can have no idea who prints the rolled one sheets, how they can be contacted, how they can be purchased directly, and so forth. Of course those who act as middlemen for distributing these posters dont want the answers to get out, but its just a matter of time before it happens. (Bruce Hershenson, 1999) The artist given credit for creating the movie poster was Jules Cheret who created two posters in the 1890s. One was a film short called Projections Artistiques, and the other a Theatre program called Pantomimes Lumineuses. During this early time movie posters  would not contain the title of a short film but just the name of the company who made them. 1896 marked the first time a poster would be made for a specific movie and not just a movie company. The film was called LArroseur Arrose, This marked the beginning of the new design. Posters began to portray more information and focus of the name of the film rather than the company that designed them. However comparing that to todays world you see that this has changed again, where now the main focus seems to be around the main actor or actress, as its them who promote the films success and attract the eyes of the viewers. So the 1900s would mark the beginning of the utilization of modern film techniques which would be used in the American movie The Great Train Robbery, 1903. The movie only last eleven minutes and was extremely popular. By the end of the first decade of the last century movies had become a great source of entertainment for the public with movie companies growing in greater numbers. From this time period,  the movie poster would get a standard size known as the one sheet measuring 27 x 41. (Edwin and Susan, 2001) The Change of movie posters over decades 1910s 1920s   In the early days movie stars werent known, so the names of actors did not appear on the posters. Besides the movie studios liked it that way so they wouldnt have to pay more money to actors. Things certainly have changed with actors like Will Smith, Denzel Washington, and Johnny Depp commonly getting checks over or around 20 million dollars per movie.   During this early period in movie history movie studios realized that movie stars were as much an attraction for the moviegoer as the movie itself. So the movie star was born, and movie posters started showcasing the names of the actors as well as the title of the movie. The bigger the star the bigger their name appeared on the poster. Other promotional materials were soon used such as billboards, lobby cards and the press books. (Edwin E. Poole and Susan T. Poole, 2001) In the 1920s, the golden age of the silent movies, posters became more artistic and spectacular. Accomplished Artists were hired to paint portraits of the stars for the movie studios to be used as movie posters. By the mid 1920s talkies as they were called were introduced. Movie attendance shot up to 110 million by 1929 from 60 million in 1927. During this time movie poster images would become sharper due to a new printing process by the Morgan Litho Company. 1930s   The Golden Age of Movies  as it is known in the movie industry saw  the beginning of great musicals, gangster movies, westerns, and horror movies created for the growing public hunger for movies. One of the biggest money makers of all time came from the end of this decade, a little picture called 1939s Gone with the Wind, (Films Posters of the 30s). Two styles of movie poster were created, one sheets and half sheets. Major movies would sometimes get more than the two different styles. However due to the depression of the time period, with the beginning of World War II, a lot of movie materials had been created more cheaply, causing movie posters to lose some of the quality as they had previously. All the posters at this time were hand rendered, which gave them a sense of warmth and humanity but around the late 1930s they lost that and slowly didnt seem to capture the iconography of the film as well as the likes of King Kong did for example, which was only several years earlier. ( Films Posters of the 30s) 1940s 1950s   During World War II war movies became the biggest theme for movies of the time. A number of movie stars joined the military and the entire industry did what they could for the war effort. The movie industry cut advertising costs using cheaper paper for posters due to the paper shortage of the war time. The 1950s would see the invention of the movie industrys biggest competitor, the television set. The movie industry came out with bigger screens for large scale movies like Ben Hur, and 3-D movies. Drive-in movies were at their peak, and movie posters adopted a style of the new fan magazines with colour photographs of the major movie stars and large stock lettering. (Edwin E. Poole and Susan T. Poole, 2001) 1960s 1970s Teen movies were the big thing in the early sixties. Beach movies and Elvis Presley ruled the movie theatres. James Bond stirred up the action genre, but by the end of the sixties into the seventies times were a changing and posters reflected this change of attitude towards sex and violence. By the 1970s everything changed. Gone were the simple days of Andy Griffith and Mayberry. Hello Dirty Harry! Before the decade was over Clint Eastwood would make our day, we would see John Travolta charming his way in the likes of Grease and Saturday Night fever, wed cheer Sylvester Stallone as Rocky, race off to other parts of the galaxy in Star Wars and be made to believe a man can fly in Superman. Movie posters used photography occasionally using drawing and painting styles. Star Wars and Star Trek posters were the most popular creating collectables out of many today. Artist Drew Struzan is one of the most admired posters artists still today for his designs for the Star Wars and Indiana Jones films. Movie posters at this time were now being printed on a clay-coated paper which gave them a glossy finish. (Visual Ref; Film Posters of the 30s- 90s by Tony Nourmand) and (Drew Struzan) 1980s 1990s   The age of special effects blockbusters, the 1980s broke records with awesome films like The Empire Strikes Back,   Return of the Jedi, E.T., more Superman movies, Raiders of the Lost Ark, 2 more Indiana Jones movies, more James Bond movies, Ghostbusters, Batman, Back to the Future, The Terminator, more Rocky movies, and dont forget Rambo. (Visual Ref; Film Posters of the 80s- 90s by Tony Nourmand) This decade meant more screens per theatre and more advertising material. The mini sheet was invented, and the video store became popular creating the video store poster. The 1990s saw the beginning of new computerization technology used in films like Jurassic Park. Armageddon, Independence Day and Arnie was back in Terminator 2; Judgement Day. The one sheet continued to be used for posters as well as the mini sheet. 2000- Recent Decade In the recent decade Spider-man has web spun his way into the record books, DVDs have slowly replaced the VHS video, and posters are sold in many stores with reprints of movie posters currently being mass produced. Collectors of movie posters and other materials may have their hands full nowadays determining  which poster is the original and which is the duplicate. On the other hand the development of mass production and duplication now allows anyone who wants a Spider-man poster on their bedroom wall and doesnt care whether its the original or the twentieth reprint, the poster is just a click away on the internet. (Edwin E. Poole and Susan T. Poole, 2001) This shows how the mass difference of how posters are handling poster today compared to finding them in your walls and under your floor boards when it comes to redecorating your home. How detailed the poster designs were done back in the 1930s and 40s A number of different poster designing methods were available back in 1930s and 1940s, outlined here: Chromolithograph Based upon the principles of lithography, a separate stone or plate was made for each colour. The final colour image resulted from the build-up of successive, individual colour printings. It was associated with the production of posters from the 1850s to the 1930s. Handmade One-off designs generally produced within competitions by, for instance, employees or children. Intaglio Printing Generic term for printing processes where an image is etched or engraved into the surface of a plate. The plate is then covered with ink, wiped clean, leaving ink only in the incised lines, with the impression then made direction onto paper. Photogravure is one of the key processes produced by this means. Lithograph Printing method based on the principle that oil and water do not mix. Using a greasy medium, an image is drawn on a flat surface of fine-grained porous limestone or zinc plate. The stone or plate is then dampened and inked. The water repels ink from most the surface so that the ink adheres only to the drawn lines. Dampened paper is applied to the stone or plate and rubbed with a special press to make the final print. This was a development that enabled the cheap and cost-effective mass printing of colour image and is the most common method for posters. (Richard and George, 2007) Offset-Lithograph A popular commercial method of printing where the image to be printed is transferred (offset) first from the cylindrical metal plate on to a rubber-coloured cylinder, and then from this cylinder on to the paper surface, capable of printing on a variety of paper surfaces on both sides of the paper in four colours (can be simultaneous) in a variety of sizes. Small machines are available as in-house printing presses to commercial organisations to a maximum size of A3 (297 x 420mm). Photogravure Detailed intaglio prints made by a commercial photographic process. Varying depths of recessed dots are engraved into a copper-plated steel cylinder, filled with ink, surplus ink removed from the surface, and then transferred directly to the printed surface, a high-quality process particularly used for the production of long-run magazines and packaging. Photo-Lithograph Photo-Lithograph is a process whereby, a photograph is taken of an original painting essentially, the same process as lithography or offset-lithography. (Richard and George, 2007) Silk-Screen Also known as serigraphy, a method favoured by fine art printmakers, Developed into the modern printing technique of screen printing in which a printed image is made by passing ink through a screen attached to a stencil onto paper. A print-making technique based on stencilling. Ink or paint is brushed through a fine screen made of silk, and masks are used to produce the design. These can be made of paper, or from varnish applied to the silk itself. (Richard and George, 2007) The use of computer software in making Movie posters In recent times, the use of technology such as different computer software has made it really easy and time effective for designers to create movie posters. Nowadays, it can take as less as 30 minutes to few hours to create a movie poster, which can further be printed out in larger sizes by use of other giant copiers and printers such as Xerox. The most widely used computer software is Adobe Photoshop. This software gives an ease of access and is one of the most simplified designing software. Adobe Photoshop gives the designer the ability, due to its layers, to create any form of printed promotional material. By utilizing only few layers, the attractive scene from the movie recording can be taken and then adding title of the movie along with the casts name can be merely take few hours which then results in a very striking movie poster. The Class: The work done in past by the artists in order to create and design film posters was in indeed of high calibre as there were no facilities available for him/her to assist him in order to design the poster that would represent the film. All had to be done by him manually without the facility of modern computers and graphic designing software. The class was un match able as the poster that the artist used to make would have been assigned to him with the theme of the story and the work on it would normally start at the same time when the production of the film will start and will take long time to design it and get it approved by the concerned people who initially order it. This effort would have been based on outstanding hard work and imagination of the artist to produce a master piece that will get the attention of viewers and will attract them towards the cinema halls and theatres. The Costs:

Keechie: Femme Formidable :: Film Movie Essays

Keechie: Femme Formidable INSTRUCTOR'S COMMENT: This is an extraordinarily accomplished essay: beautifully written, critically perceptive, and nicely related to the critical discourse on Altman and film noir. Saving the quotation from Anderson for the very end is a nice touch because it brings the reader back to the frame of reference: the process of adaptation. The little note about first shots of Cora in two versions of The Postman Always Rings Twice makes an extremely clear point of comparison with which to think about Altman's very different agenda. A fine, fine piece of work, of which you should be very proud. In an article entitled "Night and Day", Robert Philip Kolker distinguishes a transformation of the gangster film from the genre's conventional film noir elements. He places Robert Altman's Thieves Like Us, an adaptation of Edward Anderson's 1937 crime novel, amongst this subgenre on account of the film's antigeneric mise-en-scene. While Altman's departure from the classic film noir form has often been analyzed by film critics, the noir heroine--who is generally central to the plot--has received little (if any) attention. Further, even though faithfulness to the original text pervades adaptation discourse as a major criterion for judging the cinematic counterpart, critics have often overlooked Altman's most noteworthy change to Anderson's grim story: Keechie survives in the end. In fact, the film tends to be compared more with Nichols Ray's preceding film version than with the novel. However, in his manipulation of film noir genre conventions, Altman not only constructs a lighter, mor e open world, he creates a corresponding heroine who likewise transforms the characteristics of the noir woman.[1] Women in Film Noir, edited by E. Ann Kaplan, provides the framework from which an examination of Keechie's character can be drawn. Throughout the volume several distinctions are made between the two categories of women in film noir. While the femme fatale is characterized as a combination of sexuality and aggressiveness which inevitably makes her an obstacle to the male quest, the appropriate archetype--woman as redeemer--is depicted as a means of integration for the hero into both his environment and himself. However much control either type of woman may exhibit throughout the course of the film, by the end of it is relinquished. They are either restored to their prescribed positions in patriarchy[2] or destroyed. Keechie both manifests and opposes selective qualities attributed to the femme fatale and the "nurturing woman" (as she is referred to in the Kaplan text).

The Importance of Olivia in Twelfth Night Essay -- Twelfth Night essay

The Importance of Olivia in Twelfth Night      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Olivia, in Twelfth Night, is the character who unifies the play by her involvement in each of the three plots.   Olivia is loved by Orsino, but she loves Cesario.   Olivia plays a vital role in the plot to gull Malvolio, although she is unaware of it.   Olivia also has an active role in the plot to dupe Sir Andrew because he is jealous of her attention towards Cesario. In conlusion Olivia is the one who inifies the play the best.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Olivia is involved the the love plot more then any other plot in which she is involved in.   Olivia is loved by others, and she is also in love with others.   The Duke Orsino is in love with Olivia.   Although he has not really seen or actually talked to her about this subject.   Sir Andrew is also in love with Olivia, he has been with Olivia for quite some time before and during the play.   Malvolio is thought to be in love for a small period of time.&nbs...

The Beach :: essays research papers

"The Beach" "The Beach" has turned out to be a very controversial film, imposing positive and negative views. Harry, in "The Juice," gave the film an A1 rating with all optimistic remarks. Matt Wolf gave the film a very negative review, mocking every aspect of it. I am going to cover audience, tone, content, organization, and the overall effect. Audience- The audience that Harry tried to reach was a younger crowd that would appreciate the smaller keynotes of the film. With phrases like "Yes I said intriguing, henceforth, this is a kick ass flick, no lie." Wolf leaned toward an adult audience that would be more influenced by larger vocabulary. With words like antecedents, and incremental, that my computer doesn't even have in it's spell check. Along with phrases like "the beaches resident despot, whose officiousness do-exists with a strong sexual appetite." It isn't that I don't understand these phrases and words, but I just don't want to read them in a movie review. Tone- Harry used a tone that was more informal with a smaller vocabulary; words like believable and particularly, words that are understandable. He also used a kind of techno-lingo, which is understandable to teens but not to adults. Wolf used a very formal tone which was directed to adults. As I noted earlier he uses words that aren't even in spell check. His attitude coming into the piece was very negative against the film, with remarks such as, "So how is Leo? Not bad actually, which is more than can be said for a script from John Hodge that ditches most of the novel's tension." Content- The content in Harry's piece was more like a plot summary, with phrases like, "We find a self-contained environment, complete with couples, brothers, and friends, the whole nine yards. This is the main focus of the film." He was more optimistic and just generally nicer in his review. He also used two historical references, such as "Swiss Family Robinson," and "Taxi Driver," that he believed reflected the plot of the film. Wolf used a more quotation-oriented view. He didn't really summarize the film, but just depicted every part and used quotes to reflect his views. He was also very pessimistic as aforementioned. He also imputed a lot of prior history on the book and the film, with many different views on all the parts of the film. Organization- Harry's organization was very loose and difficult to follow; he was not orderly and he really didn't use a outline formation.

The Treatment Of Eating Disorders Health And Social Care Essay

Eating upsets are characterized by forms of perturbations in eating behavior frequently accompanied by feelings of hurt and/or concern about organic structure weight or form. Anorexia Nervosa ( AN ) , Bulimia Nervosa ( BN ) , Eating Disorders-Not Otherwise Specified ( ED-NOS ) are three classs by which eating upsets identified. The American Psychiatric Association ( APA ) ( 1994 ) foremost identified Binge Eating Disorder ( BED ) as a probationary feeding upset diagnosing in the DSM-IV. BED is frequently classified under the â€Å" catch all † of the ED-NOS diagnosing. The DSM-IV-TR ( APA, 2000 ) standard for AN, BN, and BED are listed in Table 1. Eating upsets have frequently been noted as one of the most hard psychiatric conditions to handle and hold been associated with increased mortality and self-destruction rates ( Crow et al. , 2009 ) . Other physical and psychosocial wellness effects include but are non limited to limb and joint hurting, concern, GI jobs, catamenial jobs, shortness of breath, thorax hurting, anxiousness, depressive symptoms, and substance maltreatment ( Johnson, Spitzer, Williams, 2001 ) . Despite legion co-morbid conditions, effectual behavioral and pharmacological interventions for eating upsets have been established. For illustration, family-based therapy ( i.e. , Maudsley Approach ) is deriving acknowledgment as an evidenced-based intervention for striplings with AN ( Wilson, Grilo, & A ; Vitousek, 2007 ) in both joint household Sessionss ( Lock, Agras, Bryson, & A ; Kraemer, 2005 ) and in â€Å" detached † format where person with AN and her household attend separate Sessionss ( Eisler et a l. , 2000 ) . Additionally, cognitive-behavior therapy ( CBT ; Hay, Bacaltchuk, & A ; Stefano, 2009 ) , dialectical-behavior therapy ( DBT ; Chen et al. , 2008 ) , and interpersonal therapy ( IPT ; Fairburn, 1997 ) have been successful in the intervention of BN. Research tends to back up CBT as the intervention of pick for both BN and BED ( Hay, Bacaltchuk, Stefano, 2004 ) . Table 1. DSM-IV-TR diagnostic standards for AN, BN, BED.Anorexia NervosaRefusal to keep organic structure weight at or above what is normal weight for age and tallness ( i.e. , & gt ; 85 % of what is expected ) . Intense fright of deriving weight or going fat, even though scraggy. Perturbation in the manner in which 1 ‘s organic structure weight or form is experienced, undue influence of organic structure weight or form on self-evaluation, or denial of the earnestness of the current low organic structure weight. In postmenarcheal female, amenorrhoea ( i.e. , absence of 3 back-to-back catamenial rhythms ) . Specify Type: Restricting Type – During current episode of AN, person does non regularly engage in binge-eating or purging behaviour. Binge-Eating/Purging Type – During current episode of AN, the individual has on a regular basis engaged in binge-eating or purging behaviour.Bulimia NervosaPerennial orgy eating episodes. Characterized by: 1 ) feeding, in a distinct period of clip ( e.g. , within a 2-hour period ) , an sum of nutrient that is larger than most would eat in a similar period of clip under similar fortunes and 2 ) a sense of deficiency of control over eating during the episode ( e.g. , a feeling that one can non halt eating or command what or how much one is eating ) . Recurrent purging/compensatory weight loss steps in order to forestall weight addition. Binge feeding and purging/compensatory behaviours present at least 2 times a hebdomad for 3 months. Self-image inexcusably influenced by organic structure weight and form. Absence of Anorexia Nervosa. Specify Type: Purging Type – During current episode of BN, the person has engaged in self-induced emesis or the abuse of laxatives, water pills, or clyster. Nonpurging Type – During the current episode of BN, the individual has used other inappropriate compensatory behaviours, such as fasting or inordinate exercising, but has non engaged in self-induced emesis or the abuse of laxatives, water pills, or clyster.Binge Eating DisorderRecuring orgy eating episodes. Characterized by: 1 ) feeding, in a distinct period of clip ( e.g. , within a 2-hour period ) , an sum of nutrient that is larger than most would eat in a similar period of clip under similar fortunes and 2 ) a sense of deficiency of control over eating during the episode ( e.g. , a feeling that one can non halt eating or command what or how much one is eating ) . The binge-eating episodes are associated with 3 or more of the followers: 1 ) eating more quickly than normal, 2 ) feeding until experiencing uncomfortably full, 3 ) eating big sums of nutrient when non physically hungry, 4 ) eating entirely because of being embarrassed by how much one is eating, 5 ) feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or really guilty after gorging. Marked hurt environing orgy feeding. The orgy feeding occurs, on norm, at least 2 yearss a hebdomad for 6 months. The orgy feeding is non associated with the regular usage of inappropriate compensatory behaviours ( e.g. , purge, fasting, inordinate exercising ) and does non happen entirely during the class of ANor BN. Pharmacological interventions have been used in concurrence with behavioural intervention or entirely ( Zhu & A ; Walsh, 2002 ) in the intervention of eating upsets. Research supports pharmacological intervention for persons with BN and BED ( Bacaltchuck, 2000 ) . Specifically, antidepressants have been found to hold short-run benefit in the decrease of binging and purge behaviours ( Walsh et al, 2000 ; McElroy et Al, 2003 ) . Unfortunately, pharmacological intervention tends to hold high disobedience rates and backsliding is frequently frequent ( Becker, 2003 ) . Presently, there is no empirical support for the usage of antidepressants among persons with AN ( Wilson, Grilo, Vitousek, 2007 ) . Behavioral and pharmacological interventions are most frequently used in combination with another in handling eating upsets due to legion co-morbid conditions. Unfortunately, the aforesaid behavioural interventions have a figure of restrictions when delivered outside a forte scene ( e.g. , outpatient mental wellness clinic, inpatient eating upset centre ) . For illustration, the bringing of family-based therapy for AN requires 10-20 hour- long household Sessionss over a 6-12 month period ( Lock, le Grange, Agras, & A ; Dare, 2001 ) , and manualized CBT for BN requires 15-20 Sessionss over five months ( Fairburn, 1989 ; 1993 ) . Treatments for AN and BN are non merely drawn-out and dearly-won, but eating upset forte suppliers are limited, and persons with feeding upsets are frequently immune to specialty attention ( Fairburn & A ; Carter, 1996 ) . Additionally, merely a little part of persons with feeding upsets are treated in mental health care ( Hoek & A ; van Hoeken, 2003 ) and are more likely to show with feeding disordered symptoms in a primary attention puting ( Hoek, 2006 ) . While primary attention doctors frequently recommend forte intervention on claim signifiers, there is small follow- through with referrals ( Hach et al. , 2005 ; 2003 ) . Therefore, the primary attention scene is frequently the chief intervention installation for those with a life-time eating upset diagnosing ( Hudson, Hiripi, Pope, & A ; Kessler, 2007 ) . Due to the fast-paced nature of a primary attention scene, interventions need to be brief, cost-efficient, and executable in application for bing staff. Therefore, development and designation of brief, effectual intercessions for eating upsets are necessary. A figure of surveies have tested the efficaciousness of specific brief intercessions for AN, BN, and BED outside of primary attention environment. Fichter, Cebulla, Quadflieg, & A ; Naab ( 2008 ) implemented a self-help constituent ( i.e. , self-help CBT manual ) to the pretreatment stage of forte attention for persons with AN giving significantly shorter inpatient attention. For intervention of persons with BN and BED, a stepped-care attack has gained support ( Laessle, 1991 ; Treasure, 1996 ; Carter, 1998 ) . This attack may suit good with the construction of primary attention, since persons with BN are offered brief intercessions and so reevaluated. Brief intercessions for BN are often in the signifier of abridged CBT frequently accompanied by a self-help constituent ( Treasure, 1996 ; Cooper, Coker, & A ; Fleming, 1994 ) . A figure of self-help CBT books have been published aimed at assisting persons with binging and purge ( e.g. , Cooper, 1995 ; Fairburn, 1995 ) . Brief executio n of CBT ( Leonard et al. , 1997 ) , self-help CBT ( Sysko & A ; Walsh, 2008 ) , telephone counsel ( Palmer, Birchall, McGrain, & A ; Sullivan, 2002 ) , internet bringing ( Pretorius et al, 2009 ) , and motivational sweetening ( Schmidt, 1997 ; Vitousek, 1998 ) are all illustrations of promising brief intercessions explored for the intervention of binging and purge symptoms. While primary attention has been identified as an ideal puting for handling BN and BED, few effectivity surveies using brief intercessions for eating disordered symptoms have been conducted in the primary attention scene. A figure of eating upset intervention guidelines for primary attention suppliers have been published ( e.g. , Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1995 ; Gurney & A ; Halmi, 2001 ; Pritts & A ; Susman, 2003 ; Williams, Goodie, Motsinger, 2008 ) . However, there is limited information about the effectivity or deductions of behavioural intercessions for eating upsets delivered in the primary attention puting. Therefore, the purposes of the current survey are to 1 ) place all surveies presenting a behavioural constituent for AN, BN or BED in a primary attention scene, 2 ) examine the features and intervention results of surveies identified, and 3 ) supply intervention deductions every bit good as waies for future research. Methods Literature Review The reappraisal of the literature involved multiple computing machine hunts and reappraisal of old reappraisal documents every bit good as surveies cited within these documents. Search databases included CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycARTICLES, PsychInfo, and PubMed utilizing the hunt footings â€Å" binge-eating syndrome nervosa † OR â€Å" orgy eating upset † OR â€Å" anorexia nervosa † AND â€Å" primary attention. † Figure 1 outlines the literature hunt and shows 314 abstracts of articles reviewed for inclusion every bit good as mentions cited in five eating upset intervention reappraisal documents ( i.e. , Berkman et al. , 2006 ; Hay, Bacaltchuk, Stefano, & A ; Kashyap, 2009 ; Kondo & A ; Sokol, 2006 ; Williams, Goodie, & A ; Motsinger, 2008 ; Wilson, Grilo, & A ; Vitousek, 2007 ) . If deficient information was provided in an abstract the first writer obtained the full article for reappraisal. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Primary care-based intercession surveies aiming AN, BN, and BED, were identified based on the undermentioned inclusion and exclusion standards. Inclusion standards included: 1 ) the survey incorporated a behavioural constituent to the intercession for persons with AN, BN, or BED ; 2 ) the intercession was conducted in a primary attention puting ( or the intercession was implemented in a scene explicitly intended to emulate primary attention, as stated in the survey ‘s â€Å" methods subdivision † ) ; 3 ) the survey was a ) published in 2009 or earlier, B ) in English, degree Celsius ) and included empirical informations ; therefore, qualitative and instance surveies were excluded. Exclusion standards included: 1 ) intercessions in scenes other than primary attention puting ( or non explicitly saying an purpose to imitate a primary attention puting ) ; 2 ) non-intervention surveies ( e.g. , surveies conducted in primary attention with ends of obtaining epidemiological inf ormations ) ; 3 ) intercession surveies concentrating on weight loss or including an obesity-oriented attack ; 4 ) non-behavioral intercessions ( i.e. , entirely medicative intercessions ) . International and domestic surveies were included in this reappraisal. Given the limited literature, surveies were non excluded on the footing of whether or non participants were randomized to intervention, type of behavioural intercession, sample size, continuance of intervention, or participant features ( e.g. , gender ) . A sum of five surveies met standards for the current reappraisal. All surveies included were on the intervention of BN and BED. No surveies were found on AN. 314* abstracts/full-text articles reviewed: CINAHL ( 45 ) Embase ( 83 ) PsychArticles ( 0 ) PsychInfo ( 86 ) PubMed ( 100 ) Mentions cited in 5 eating upset intervention reappraisal documents: Berkman et Al. ( 2006 ) Hay et Al. ( 2009 ) Kondo & A ; Sokol ( 2006 ) Williams et Al. ( 2008 ) Wilson et Al. ( 2007 ) 3 original surveies identified 2 original surveies identified 4 primary care-based intercession ( 3 randomized, 1 non-randomized ) 1 designed-for-primary attention intercession ( randomized )Entire: 5 original surveiesFigure 1. Flow chart showing designation procedure of selected primary attention articles. *Note: Overlap nowadays among articles showing in multiple databases. Consequences Features of the Studies Reviewed Of the five surveies that met inclusion standards, four of the surveies were randomized ( i.e. , Banasiak, Paxton, Hay, 2005 ; Carter and Fairburn, 1998 ; Durand and King, 2003 ; Walsh et al. , 2004 ) . Among randomised surveies, none of the surveies fulfilled all of the standards of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials ( CONSORT ) , a criterion and minimal set of guidelines for describing randomized-controlled tests. All surveies included were self-described as effectiveness surveies. Therefore, feasibleness of intercession was paramount to the survey. Merely two of the five surveies recruited participants in the primary attention puting ( Durand & A ; King, 2003 ; Waller et al. , 1996 ) . The figure of participants in the five surveies ranged from 11 to 109 ( M = 70.2, SD = 36.9 ) . Primary attention suppliers ( PCPs ) were the exclusive supplier of the behavioural intercession in two of the five surveies ( i.e. , Banasiak et al. , 2005 ; Durand & A ; King, 2003 ) , and P CPs delivered behavioural intercessions in concurrence with nurses in two other of the five surveies ( i.e. , Waller et al. , 1996 ; Walsh et al. , 2004 ) . Minimally trained facilitators ( i.e. , former concert dance terpsichorean, medical secretary, and group leader ) delivered the behavioural intercession in the 1 survey ( Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 ) . Three of the five surveies provided at least 2-6 hours of preparation for doctors and/or nurses transporting out the intercession ( i.e. , Banasiak, Paxton, Hay, 2005 ; Waller et al. , 1994 ; Walsh et al. , 2004 ) . Two of the surveies did non supply separate preparation for those transporting out the intercession, but instead gave facilitators the same educational stuffs distributed to the participants ( i.e. , Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 ; Durand & A ; King, 2003 ) . One survey incorporated both behavioural and pharmacological intervention attacks ( Walsh et al. , 2004 ) . See Table 2 for extra survey features. Table 2. Features of surveies reviewed.SurveyParticipants & A ; CriteriaRecruitmentRandomized/Non-randomizedDelivery of Intervention/TrainingInterventionDurationBanasiak et al. , 2005 N=109 ( full or sub-threshold BN â€Å" modified † DSM-IV standards ) Community Ads: Newspaper: 61.4 % Primary Care: 21.1 % Community centre: 12 % ED centre referral: 5.5 % Randomized aˆ?16 PCPs aˆ?given manual & A ; attended a half-day workshop GSH utilizing Bulimia Nervosa and Binge feeding: A usher to recovery vs. delayed intervention control 17 weeks/1 30-60 minute initial contact & A ; 9 20-30 minute intervention Sessionss. Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 N=72 ( full BED DSM-IV standards, but non run intoing full BN standards ) Newspaper Ads Randomized aˆ?3 facilitators: Former concert dance terpsichorean Medical secretary Group leader aˆ?given manual & A ; intervention of 2-3 pilot participants. PSH vs. GSH utilizing Overcoming Binge Eating V. Wait list control 12 weeks/ 6-8 25-minute Sessionss. Durand & A ; King, 2003 N=68 ( BN symptoms ) Primary attention physician referral Randomized aˆ?32 PCPs aˆ?given manual, guidelines, & A ; phone no. for particular concerns GSH via Bulimia Nervosa: A usher to recovery vs. forte clinic intervention Duration of intervention varied GSH: ~ 5 visits with PCP Waller et al. , 1996 N=11 ( full BN DSM-IV standards ) Back-to-back series of primary Care patients Non-randomized aˆ? 4 Health professionals 1 nurse aˆ? 2 three-hour preparation workshops Abridged CBT & lt ; 8 20-minute Sessionss in hebdomadal intervals. Walsh et al. , 2004 N= 91 ( BN symptoms ) Newspaper advertizements and referrals Randomized aˆ? 7 Health professionals 8 nurses aˆ? brief 2-hour preparation & A ; intervention of a sum of 6 pilot patients aˆ? GSH + placebo vs. GSH + Fluoxetine vs. placebo-only vs. Fluoxetine-only. aˆ? GSH used Overcoming Binge Eating. 6-8 30-minute Sessionss over 4-5 months. Note: PCP – Primary Care Physician, GSH – Guided Self-Help, PSH – Pure Self-Help, ED – Eating Disorder Interventions Overall, this current reappraisal identified two chief attacks to handling BN and BED in primary attention. The first was for practicians to supply behavioural reding themselves, with an augmentation ( i.e. , self-help manual ) . The 2nd option used a collaborative attack in which a non-physician ( e.g. , nurse ) served as the primary intervention supplier with the doctor in a encouraging function with or without an augmentation ( i.e. , self-help manual, psychopharmacological medicine ) . A PCP was the exclusive supplier of the intercession in two surveies ( Banasiak et al. , 2005 ; Durand & A ; King, 2003 ) and a non-physician ( i.e. , nurse ) in two surveies ( Waller et al. , 1996 ; Walsh et al. , 2004 ) . A fifth survey used facilitators ( i.e. , concert dance terpsichorean, medical secretary, and a group leader ) to emulate primary attention suppliers ( Carter and Fairburn, 1998 ) . Guided Self-help versus Pure Self-help Among all surveies examined, four surveies implemented cognitive behavioural self-help in the intercession and incorporated the usage of a self-help manual ( i.e. , Banasiak, Paxton, Hay, 2005 ; Carter and Fairburn, 1998 ; Durand and King, 2003 ; Walsh et al. , 2004 ) . Get the better ofing Binge Eating ( Fairburn, 1995 ) , Bulimia Nervosa and Binge-Eating: A Guide to Recovery ( Cooper, 1995 ) , and Bulimia Nervosa: A Guide to Recovery ( Cooper, 1993 ) were the three manuals used. The add-on of the self-help manual came in two signifiers: 1 ) guided self-help and 2 ) pure self-help. Guided self-help pattern included a doctor or other supplier ‘guiding ‘ and directing the participants through the manual during scheduled visits and delegating specific reading in the manual to the participant. Pure self-help involved the supplier providing a manual to the participant and the instructions to read the manual over the class of the intercession. Treatment Results Three of the four surveies utilizing self-help found self-help methods to be good in relieving orgy eating episodes ( Banasiak, Paxton, & A ; Hay, 2005 ; Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 ; Durand & A ; King, 2003 ) . One survey comparing guided self-help and Prozac found no benefits of guided self-help used entirely or used in concurrence with the medicine ( Walsh et al. , 2004 ) . However, medicative benefits of diminishing bulimic symptoms were important. These consequences should be interpreted with cautiousness, since this survey yielded a 69 % abrasion rate. Another survey comparing the benefits of guided self-help, pure self-help, and wait-list control found those who received guided self-help and pure-self aid to hold significantly fewer binge-eating episodes at station intervention and three month followup ( Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 ) . While no important differences were obtained between guided self-help and pure self-help intervention groups at the terminal of intervention, t he guided self-help group attained significance over the pure self-help group across post-treatment clip points ( i.e. , 3 months and 6 months ) ( Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 ) . Waller et Al. ( 1996 ) was the lone survey non using a self-help constituent, but instead an abridged CBT intervention. This intervention yielded a 55 % betterment rate in bulimic symptoms. See Table 3 for result informations on each survey. Table 3. Outcome information on examined surveies.SurveyResultEffect SizeRestrictionsAbrasionBanasiak et al. , 2005 60 % decrease in nonsubjective orgy eating in GSH vs. 6 % decrease in DTC. 61 % decrease of purging behaviour in GSH vs. 10 % decrease in DTC. GSH V DTC: Gorging – Einsteinium: 1.96 Purging – Einsteinium: 1.47 aˆ? PCPs delivering intervention had involvement in eating upsets prior to analyze aˆ? Not all participants recruited from Personal computer 33 % dropped out Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 Decrease in frequence of orgy eating episodes important in both PSH & A ; GSH. GSH significantly lower in dietetic restraint than PSH at posttreatment & A ; 3-month followup. GSH V PSH in dietetic restraint posttreatment: *ES: -.71 3-month followup: *ES: -.66 aˆ?34 % decrease of orgy feeding in wait list control aˆ? deficiency of weight alteration aˆ? conformity poorer in PSH vs. GSH aˆ? Participants non recruited from Personal computer aˆ? survey simulated PC office 12 % dropped out Durand & A ; King, 2003 No clinical significance between self-help and forte clinic intervention result. Both self-help and forte attention yielded important betterment in bulimic symptoms indicated by BITE. Self-help at baseline V 6 month followup on BITE: *ES: .56 Forte at 6 month followup on BITE: *ES: .67 aˆ?Small sample aˆ?Outcome informations based on self-report graduated table aˆ?lack of specificity in magnitude of difference b/w intervention attention aˆ?23 % dropped out in GSH group aˆ?17 % dropped out in forte attention Waller et al. , 1996 55 % improved well, 45 % did non profit Not able to cipher ; Insufficient informations aˆ?Small sample aˆ?long preparation aˆ?inefficient intercession 18 % dropped out Walsh et al. , 2004 GSH had no important consequence on the decrease of bulimic symptoms compared to Fluoxetine. Fluoxetine had important decrease in bulimic symptoms. GSH vs. Fluoxetine: *ES: -.06 Fluoxetine V Fluoxetine w/GSH: *ES: .02 aˆ? Disobedience aˆ? 8 participants were reassigned conditions aˆ? Recruitment non in Personal computer. aˆ? No public-service corporation for GSH detected. 69 % dropped out Note: GSH – Guided Self-Help, PSH – Pure Self-Help, DTC – Delayed Treatment Control, PCPs – Primary Care Physicians, Personal computer – Primary Care, BITE – Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh *Effect sizes ( ES ) calculated by article ‘s first writer utilizing the undermentioned computation: vitamin D = M1 – M2 / i?-iˆ [ ( i1A? +iˆ iiˆ iˆ?A? ) / 2 ] . vitamin D = M1 – M2 / i whereiˆ i = i?- [ iiˆ ( X – M ) A? / N ] . Discussion Persons with eating upsets have some of the highest mortality rates of all psychiatric conditions ( Crow et al, 2008 ) coupled with high physical and psychological co-morbid conditions. Because of these co-morbid conditions, persons with feeding upsets are likely to show in primary attention puting with co-morbid ailments ( CITE ) . PCPs and staff are in a alone place to supply early sensing and intervention. Due to clip restraints, primary attention suppliers frequently lack the experience and preparation to implement intercessions for persons with feeding upsets. Therefore, brief, evidenced-based intercessions with minimum required preparation are paramount to the acceptance and airing of eating upset intervention. Consequences of this reappraisal expose the limited sum of research that has been conducted on the intervention of AN, BN, and BED in a primary attention puting. The current reappraisal identified five surveies – four on BN, one on BED, and no surveies were found on the intervention of AN in a primary attention puting. Of the five surveies that met standards for inclusion, four were randomized-controlled tests ( RCTs ) , which are often recognized as the gilded criterion in efficaciousness research. Among the RCTs, none of the surveies fulfilled all of the suggested CONSORT criterions. Four of the five surveies reviewed enforced CBT self-help in the signifier of a manual with educational constituents aiming binging and purge behaviours. Three of the four surveies utilizing self-help intervention found the intervention to be good ( i.e. , Banasiak, Paxton, & A ; Hay, 2005 ; Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 ; Durand & A ; King, 2003 ) . Therefore, self-help intervention may be a good intervention for some patients showing in primary attention. Among surveies describing benefits, guided self-help proved to be more good than pure self-help ; nevertheless, pure self-help was still found to hold benefit ( Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 ) . In a scene comparing survey, guided self-help CBT intervention was deemed every bit effectual as forte clinic intervention ( Durand & A ; King, 2003 ) . Effectiveness and Feasibility While all surveies were conducted in a primary attention puting or in a scene that explicitly simulated a primary attention scene, merely two surveies recruited participants from this scene ( Durand & A ; King, 2003 ; Waller et Al. 1996 ) . The enlisting context may restrict the effectivity of the interventions examined given studies of persons showing in primary attention exhibit higher rates of somatization, mental unwellness, and chronic conditions ( Jyvasjarvi et al. , 2001 ; Toft et al. , 2005 ) . Besides, given this survey was an international reappraisal, primary attention scenes differ across wellness attention systems ; hence, non merely may community samples differ from primary attention samples, but primary attention samples may differ from state to state ( Bailer et al. , 2004 ) . Similarly, PCPs in different states may hold changing clip restraints with respects to preparation and intervention bringing. However, minimum preparation and bringing efficiency are of import features for PCPs ( CITE ) . In this reappraisal, two surveies required less than an hr of preparation for the primary attention suppliers presenting the intercession ( Durand & A ; King, 2003 ; Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 ) . Given PCPs clip restraints, developing necessitating more than an hr may non be executable for the typical supplier. Another restriction to generalising intervention to the primary attention scene is the continuance of intervention in the surveies examined. Duration of intercession ranged from 5-10 visits at 20-30 proceedingss per visit. The length of intervention could explicate the high rates of abrasion ( i.e. , 12-69 % ) found in the surveies reviewed. However, Waller et Al. ( 1996 ) noted the indicated intervention may non take every bit long as the prescribed interv ention, since participants dropping out prior to completion of intervention still benefitted. The long-run effects and backsliding rates of brief intercession interventions in this scene is unknown, since the none of the surveies collected follow-up informations six months post intervention. Deductions for Practice Brief intercessions may merely be effectual for a subset of patients with bulimia nervosa and orgy feeding inclinations. Most surveies reviewed excluded participants with co-morbid upsets. Therefore, findings may non be generalizable to the typical primary attention population. Identifying the subset of persons in which brief intercessions will be most effectual remains disputing. While evidenced-based, brief intercessions are considered the first line of intervention for persons showing in primary attention ( NICE, 2004 ) , it is ill-defined how patients neglecting to react to these intercessions should be treated. PCPs electing non to supply behavioural intervention to patients with BN or orgy feeding must still play a important function in measuring and handling the physical symptomatology of eating upsets. With the outgrowth of incorporate attention, psychologists and mental wellness suppliers are going more present in the primary attention puting. Therefore, persons with BN and orgy eating inclinations may be treated holistically in the primary attention scene. Directions for Future Research Future research should concentrate on honing self-help CBT intervention in the primary attention puting and including participants with co-morbid features. Expanding bringing of intervention beyond primary attention doctors to other suppliers, such as nurses, dieticians, societal workers, and staff workers, may let for more trim intervention for the single presenting with feeding disordered behaviour.